Convert numbers to and from Roman numerals
Numbers above 3,999 use vinculum notation: a line above a numeral multiplies its value by 1,000.
So VCCCXIX = 5,319.
Order V̅CCCXIX on a product
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Did you know?
Why the NFL Chose Roman Numerals
When the Super Bowl started in 1967, the game was played in January but belonged to the previous season. Calling it "the 1966 championship played in 1967" was confusing. Roman numerals solved this elegantly: Super Bowl I, II, III. No year confusion, and it made the event feel like something ancient and important. Marketing genius disguised as tradition.
Read more →Fibonacci's Sales Pitch
Fibonacci didn't invent Hindu-Arabic numerals — they originated in India around 500 AD. But his 1202 book Liber Abaci was essentially a 600-page argument that these new numbers were better for business. He showed European merchants how place value and zero could transform trade and banking. He was right. By 1500, the debate was over.
Read more →Where do Roman numerals come from?
It is thought Roman numerals come from hand signals and tally marks. The stroke I represents a finger, the V represents the gap between thumb and fingers for five, and the X represents hands crossed for ten. The L, C, D, and M come from modifications of Greek letters like chi, theta, and phi to represent 50, 100, 500, and 1,000. Over time, these marks changed into the Latin letters people recognize today. There is no 0 in the Roman alphabet, as the concept for the number 0 didn't fully develop until India invented it around 600 CE / 10600 HE.